Self, Culture and Society - Engels Essay - 1378 Words

In this paper an excerpt titled â€Å"Theoretical† from Engels’ Anti-Dhà ¼ring will be examined in reference to Engels’ ideologies regarding materialism, the social work order, and the fundamental problems confronted in the clash between the social production and capitalist appropriation. In the chapter titled Theoretical, Engels lays out the basic conflict between what we know as socialism and capitalism, doing so by first examining what he calls the â€Å"Materialist conception of history† (Engels 1939, p. 292). In his materialistic history he claims that the exchange and bartering of products, and their production is the â€Å"basis of every social order† (Engels 1939, p. 292). He states that in every society that has ever appeared in history, the†¦show more content†¦294) Thus small workshops slowly became obsolete, being replaced by gargantuan factories where hundreds of peoples would come to produce a product together. The fundamental issue that arises however is this: in Feudalism, and in earlier times it was clear who the owner of the product of labor was, â€Å"the individual producer had produced it, as a rule from raw material which belonged to him, and often was also produced by himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Engels 1939, p. 295) As a result of this, there was never any need to appropriate the product to him, as it belonged to him as an absolute. (Engel 1939, p. 295) The problem here is that this idea continued on even after social production had taken the place of individual producers, and the â€Å"Social products were treated as if they were still†¦the products of individuals.† (Engels 1939, p. 295) â€Å"Now the owner of the instruments of labor continued to appropriate the product, although it was not longer his product, but†¦the product of other’s labor. Thus therefore, the products now socially produced were not appropriated by those who had really set the means of production in motion and†¦produced the products, but by the capitalists.† (Engels 1939, p. 295) Therefore the original contradiction in capitalism can be summed up as such: â€Å"The mode of production is subjected toShow MoreRelatedA Communist Perspective1325 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the four common components that are associated with the communist subject. The first component focuses on the values of community. The goal of community reflects upon the idea of mutual gain, which allows equality for all associated in the society. By incorporating equality into community, the communist subject works to provide basic needs for all. In order to provide for these needs, the communist subject calls for its second component- labor. The communist subject requires labor in orderRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Starts With The Famous Quote, â€Å"The1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Communist Manifesto starts with the famous quote, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels, p. 14). This quote indicates the class strug gle evolved from capitalism where mankind focused their efforts on improving society by desiring more physical means to provide monetary value. Since Marx was philosophical materialist, he held the belief that everything is matter, solid and physical. According to this belief, the human mind is simply neuronsRead MoreCauses anf Results of Communism in Eastern and Central Europe611 Words   |  3 PagesCommunism was one of the political theories founded by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the end of the 19th century . Both of these philosophers had the same point of view concerning the economic and political principles. Also, Communism brought up many changes to International Relations , and the body of the essay will describe the causes and results of Communism in Eastern and central Europe. In 1844 Engel and Marx started to discover interesting facts about Communism and no longer in 1848Read MoreKarl Marx s Influence On Society1423 Words   |  6 Pagesthinkers and his views on how society functions have shaped the development of socialist and economic theories. Political philosophers have developed a variety of enlightened ideologies depicting how governments and societies are organized over the course of history. Marx’s influence by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel would lead to Marx’s view of history known as historical materialism, â€Å"Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life† (Marx, Engels Arthur, 2001 p. 69). Marx arguedRead MoreInfluence Of Communist Manifesto Written By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels901 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay analyses the depth of Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The book demonstrates an ideology which was completely different from the socio and political concepts prevailed at that time. This text provides an implicit picture of the social and cultural changes in 1950s Europe. According to Hunt et al (2012), Communist Manifesto was one the most influential text that changed the ideology of people and manipulated the political changes to form a social and communistRead More Karl Marx Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Berlin, falling under the influence of the idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), who interpreted the whole of history as the process by which Spirit (and consequently humanity) progressed towards complete self-knowledge and a rational and free society. Marx looked to Hegel for help in uncovering the principle that would explain historical change; he wanted to know how slavery gave way to feudalism and how feudalism gave way to capitalism. About this time, he joined a groupRead MoreMarx And Engels s Critique And Critique Of Capitalism1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe specialised critique of capitalism fou nd in the Communist Manifesto (written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels), provides a basis for the analysis and critique of the capitalist system. Marx and Engels wrote about economical in relation to the means or mode of production, ideology, alienation and most fundamentally, class relations (particularly between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat). Collectively, these two men created the theory of Marxism. There are multiple critiques of Marxism thatRead MoreThe Fall Of Feudalism And The Rise Of Capitalism1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocracies. This desire for knowledge coupled with the scientific revolution resulted in new manufacturing inventions that made the production process more efficient and advanced society, this is referred to as the industrial revolution. These major events altered almost every feature of daily life for people and society as a whole. There was rapid urbanization: people moved from farms to cities to work in factories. These factories had terrible work ing conditions: little pay, long hours, no safetyRead MoreCapitalism versus Socialism1651 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction and distribution are privately owned and operated within a free market society. What is Socialism? Socialism is an economic and political system in which all means of production and distribution are collectively owned and operated by all members of society. They both have pros and cons capitalism promotes free market system, people are free to create almost any product or provide service and it has self-regulating system. In capitalist system you have choices, incentives and freedom, anotherRead MoreMarx And Engels : What Five Major Revolutionary Changes Did The Bourgeoisie Bring About Through Capitalism?944 Words   |  4 PagesMarx and Engels: What five major revolutionary changes did the bourgeoisie bring about through capitalism? Why do Marx and Engels say these changes are bad? Pick one of the changes to discuss in Marxist terms. The five major revolutionary changes that the bourgeoisie brings about through capitalism are market economy, private property, wages, imperialism, and financial institutions. Marx and Engles say these changes are bad because they widen the gap according to income making mobility between

The Terrible Old Man - 828 Words

The Terrible Old Man Age is a precious thing, leaving us weak when we are young and old. Yet for an old man in Kingsport, strength and age are nothing, and some are curious why. I think; how awful it must be, not to be able to die. The Terrible Old Man is a short story by H. P. Lovecraft, written on January 28, 1920, and first published in the Tryout, an amateur press publication, in July 1921. Its notable as the first story to make use of Lovecrafts imaginary New England setting, introducing the fictional town of Kingsport. The story is of an old man who at one point was a sailor but he is now a feeble old man. He is an old man, whom some say is so old, no one can remember him when he was young. With no name except the â€Å"terrible†¦show more content†¦These included the meeting of both eyebrows at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a pair of yellow eyes. Although not too popular in H.P. Lovecraft tales, the Terrible Old Man is a recurring character. He re-appears in another tale entitled â€Å"The Strange High House in the Mist† and is more of a benevolent character. Lovecraft guiding aesthetic and philosophical principle was what he called cosmicism or cosmic horror, the idea that life is incomprehensible to human minds and that the universe is fundamentally hostile interests of humanity. As such, expresses his stories a profound indifference to human beliefs and affairs - which we can say that this story lives well up to. He gets the reader thoroughly confused by taking a wonderful mix of supernaturalShow MoreRelatedThe Terrible Old Man Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Terrible Old Man The Terrible Old Man is a short story written in 1920 by H.P. Lovecraft, who was a famous author of sciene fiction, fantasy and last but not least horrer. I will, by analysing the characters, the setting and the ending, try to interpret and find the main theme of this story. People often judge each other by the way that they dress, by the work they have or by their amount of money. Sometimes that judgement is fair but at other times it is most definitely not. The shortRead MoreThe Design Of Angelo Ricci And Joe Czanek And Manuel Silva1142 Words   |  5 PagesJoe Czanek and Manuel Silva to call on the Terrible Old Man. This old man dwells all alone in a very ancient house on Water Street near the sea, and is reputed to be both exceedingly rich and exceedingly feeble; which forms a situation very attractive to men of the profession of Messrs. Ricci, Czanek, and Silva, for that profession was nothing less dignified than robbery. The inhabitants of Kingsport say and think many things about the Terrible Old Man which generally keep him safe from the attentionRead MoreOld Majors Speech In Animal Farm By George Orwell728 Words   |  3 PagesOld Major’s Propaganda†¦ Speech After reading George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one may take better care of his or her fluffy white cat! Easily recognized as a fable, in his book Animal Farm, Orwell uses free willed, self-thinking animals to struggle for their freedoms in much the same way man does. It is not just a fable though; it is based on reality. George Orwell (or Erik Blare) dealt with conflict with social democracy, communists, and capitalism his entire life, and it sparked his novel. The oneRead MoreTheme Of Grotesque In The Tell Tale Heart987 Words   |  4 Pageswith describing the old man’s eye in such a grotesque manner shows how the narrator has dehumanized him, how he has convinced himself that the old man is only the terrifying eye. The narrator’s vivid descriptions of the old man’s death and dismemberment show how little remorse he has for his actions. â€Å"He had the eye of a vulture-a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold.† (Poe 1) The narrators constant grotesque description of the old man’s eye shows an infatuationRead MoreThe Characters Of Nervousness In The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe761 Words   |  4 PagesIn Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, the main character changed as a person through the duration of the poem due to the terrible crime he commited. Before our main character killed the old man he was living with, the character is seen as nervous, but also very gentle and loving. We start off the whole story with the main character saying, â€Å"TRUE! nervous, very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why WILL you say that I am mad† (Poe 1)? This proves that the main character was nervousRead MoreRevenge Is A Dish Best Served Cold1646 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, one of the characters named Roger Chillingworth finds out that his wife, Hester Prynne, believes that he is dead and has an illegitimate child with another man named Arthur Dimmesdale. Chillingworth finds out and feels betrayed so he takes matters into his own hand and decides to seek revenge on the man who had relations with his wife. Chillingworth befriends Dimmesdale and administers his revenge directly, however this does not stop revenge from also going after ChillingworthRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1242 Words   |  5 PagesPOW camp in Dresden, and still the next moment after that he is an old man being abducted by the time traveling race of alien beings known as Tralfamadorians. 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Right away, the reader can almost see the weary soldiers heading towards [their] distantRead MoreAnalysis of A Good Man Is Hard to Find1221 Words   |  5 Pages2005 English 113(03) Research Project #1 A Good Man Is Hard To Find Flannery OConnor Jackson Jeen Alves. Good Man. Racism Examples. Retrieved 20 October 2005. Summary In this short story A Good Man Is A Hard to Find there is a lot of racism going on in it. The grandmother is racist because she is a Southern white old woman who does not like as she called them Negros. The grandmother is very much stuck in the old days and will not look at what is going on in life andRead MoreTrials And Tribulations Of Men Vs Women939 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Text: Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) Theme: Men Vs Women: Life in Slavery Thesis: In Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), she pointed out the fact that, â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women† (240). Throughout the narrative, slavery is shown to be different for woman mentally, physically, and emotionally in comparison to men. There is a distinct difference in treatment between men and woman in their work and

Establishing Strategic Strategic CSR Performance

Question: Describe aabout the Establishing Strategic of Strategic CSR Performance? Answer: Introduction The company Stoats porridge bar was introduced in 2005 by Bob and Tony. They started selling fresh porridge at the music festivals of UK. They started preparing for the market of oat based porridge bar in 2006 considering the customers request. In 2009, they collaborated with Scotland food and drink. The company had purposeful arrangements with its Scottish section to get the Scottish origins of porridge. It has set a Guinness world record for the largest bowl of porridge of 81.25 kg (Scotlandfoodanddrink.org, 2015). Introduction about the company,company products, services, geographical market coverage. Company Products: The Company began by selling fresh porridge. The delicious products that the company have launched afterwards are Oatcakes, Porridge pots, fruit and nut oat crunches and porridge bars of different flavours. Geographical Studies: The Company has its coverage in UK, Scotland. Stoats have predicted to get assistance in turnover after the coverage of 116 TESCO stores in Scotland. Stoats has Scottish and northern Irish coverage with Asda. Now the company is exporting their products to North America, Austria, Singapore and Malaysia. And they are in discussion to import their products to UAE (Herald Scotland, 2015). Strategic objectives, mission,vision, values and CSR approach. Strategic Objectives: The objective of the Stoats Porridge Bars is to out sell quality fresh porridge to the consumer through farmers market and music festivals by taking advantage of the growth of the oath market and a trend toward healthier convenience food. They experimented with selling oats bars among the enthusiastic foodies three years ago. The founder duo-Tony and Bob jumped to the opportunity for faster growth by relying on the new products Mission: The mission is to bring their range of products made with only Scottish Oats all of 100% natural, tasting and fun fillingtaste. The core of the mission is to take the porridge to the people(Gelbmann,90-98). Vision: The vision is exploring new avenues for their range of products across the world. Currently, they export their product to North America, Austria, Singapore and Malaysia. They are trying to go the people of the UAE.With this vision, Stoats Porridge is growing day by day to cities to cities and to countries to countries. Values: The values of Stoats Porridge to provide customer with 100% natural products. Not to cheat the customers and provide 100% natural product to the end customer as received from the farmers. CSR Approach: There are so many customer socialresponsibility carried on by the Stoats Porridge like motivating farmers to produce some good oats by utilizing the insecticide and pesticides. As its mission is to bring in their range of products made with only Scottish oats all of 100% natural and genuine(Sheehan et.al 2011) References Gelbmann, Ulrike. 'Establishing Strategic CSR InSmes: An Austrian CSR Quality Seal To Substantiate The Strategic CSR Performance'. Sust. Dev. 18.2 (2010): 90-98. Web. Herald Scotland, (2015).Tesco listing boost for Stoats porridge. [online] Available at: https://www.heraldscotland.com/business/company-news/tesco-listing-boost-for-stoats-porridge.22597758 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Scotlandfoodanddrink.org, (2015).Stoats Oats Address the Porridge  This Burns Day - The Celebration of Burns Doesnt Need to Start at Supper-- Scotland Food and Drink. [online] Available at: https://www.scotlandfoodanddrink.org/news/article-info/5605/stoats-oats-%E2%80%9Caddress-the-porridge%E2%80%9D-this-burns-day---the-celebration-of-burns-doesnt-need-to-start-at-supper-.aspx [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Sheehan, Brian. Marketing Management. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Pub., 2011. Print.

The Man from Snowy River free essay sample

The Man from Snowy River The Man from Snowy River is a film about a man who loses his father, as well as his horse to a pack of wild horses. During the course of the film, the viewer experiences how the relationship between two of the main characters develops. Jim Craig, the main character who loses his horse and Jessica Harrison, Jim’s eventual love interest are different, but similar as well. Jim is an adventurous cowboy that lives in the mountains of Australia. Jessica is a young woman who lives in the â€Å"flats† of Australia. As characters, Jim and Jess are independent, hardworking, and attracted to each other.Despite their similarities, they’re also very different. While Jim is outgoing, Jess is quiet and reserved. Though Jim and Jessica have many differences between them, their similarities are abundant as well, and it is these similarities and differences that significantly change their behavior during the course of the film. We will write a custom essay sample on The Man from Snowy River or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jim and Jessica are connected to many people in the plot and they are both connected to some of the same people. Jim is the son of Henry Craig, who tragically dies in an accident. After the accident, Jim comes down to work for Mr. Harrison. Jessica is Mr. Harrison’s daughter and Jim’s love interest. Jessica has an uncle named Spur. Jim knows Spur because he and his father are in the mining business together before the accident. These common relationships thrust Jim and Jessica into circumstances that impact their lives. For example, Spur is Jessica’s uncle and also has a close relationship with Jim through his father. His actions in taking care of Jim after his father died and bringing Jessica back home after she ran away is crucial in bringing the two characters closer together.Spur’s kind actions provide a catalyst to Jim and Jessica’s developing relationship toward each other. Jim and Jessica have different personalities than each other. Jim is very nice to people, but doesnt get along very well with Mr. Harrison. He also grew up on the mountains and works very well with horses. Jessica is a very serious character and goes by the code that if a man can do it, a woman can to. She loves working out in the fields with the horses even though her father doesn’t approve. Despite their differences, the relationship is solid and becomes stronger throughout the film.The belief that opposites do attract is supported by these two different characters falling in love. Mr. Harrison is not liked very much by Jim and Jessica. Jim doesnt like Mr. Harrison because Mr. Harrison will not allow Jessica to marry a â€Å"child† who can’t support a woman who comes from great wealth. Mr. Harrison gets on Jessica’s bad side when he forces her to be a lady. After Jessica refuses, her father slaps her. Acting on her impulses, she runs away and nearly dies by falling down a cliff during a bad thunderstorm, which Jim saves her from.Jessica’s actions in running away from her father set in action the events that eventually drive her into Jim’s arms. Throughout The Man from Snowy River the two main characters similarities and differences help to develop their relationship with each other. The similarities in their relationships with other characters and their differences in personalities both bring them into a loving relationship as the plot develops. Their behavior and actions, not just to others, but to each other produces a successful conclusion to the film’s storyline.

Ideology of Gender Roles

In the world of literature, ideology has played a vital role in depicting the condition of the society. The society has used ideologies to obscure the nature and composition of domination. According to Marxists, ideology is designated as a form of politics and law that is used to legitimate power to certain social class in the society. In the traditional setting, ideologies were used to discriminate one community or gender from the other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It enhanced the superiority of the dominant community through decision-making and social consciousness (Clinton et al. 48). Although ideologies are sometimes true, they have played a vital role in defining the social structure based on gender roles in society. The attitude towards gender role is often characterized by different opinions and beliefs on the roles of women and men in the socie ty. For instance, the common ideology is that the place of women should be in the kitchen. The ideologies on gender roles have enhanced the society to define distinct roles of women and men. In most cases, women have been reported to be the victims of discriminatory acts. The belief has enabled men to have dominance over women in society. Various ways have been used to reveal the perception of ideologies in the society. In Shakespeare’s work, portrayal of ideology in his work is imminent through Medea’s character. Feminist theorists of theater turned insistently to consider how ideology was embedded in texts and performances. It displays how spectators were positioned to accept such ideologies unquestioningly. For instance, when Medea initially walked on the stage in fifth-century, she was not a woman at all; she was a man in a mask speaking of words of a male playwright to a gathering of male citizens. This has evoked legal and dramatic narratives that her daughters w ere succumbed to, following her stand in the society (Massai 52). Most often, like Medea, they are referred to as â€Å"non† women. Gender role ideology is demonstrated by Shakespeare through Othello’s character. Indeed, absolute social and spiritual equality between different sexes do coexist with equal absolute subjection of women that is decreed and then subverted. Puritan marriage ideology in the Renaissance provides a remarkable index of the ways in which modern values were being created, and conflicts were taking shape.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Othello’s character demonstrates the apprehension and exploitation of ideological inconsistencies that prevails in the current society. In the scene (1.3) in which Desdemona and Othello seek to justify their marriage before the Vietnam senate, she unwittingly articulates a conception of sexuality and its r elation to public life that is antagonistic to Othello’s (Massai 68). This demonstrate the clarity in the perception of gender role ideology in the society. In No Name Woman and White Tigers by Maxine Hong Kingston, she used storytelling to demarcate the ideological belief and expose the truth behind the perceived social structures in the society. Kingston’s chronicle, No Name Woman, demonstrates various examples that show men’s dominance over women. For instance, when men migrated from China to America in search of work, they left women to look after the household chores and the children. The women were expected to keep the customs and rules of the society while their male counterparts fumbled without being detected. Ideally, the work of safeguarding the tradition demands that an individual’s feeling towards an action should be played in one’s guts without exposing the rage to the society (Kingston 8). This implies that there is a significant diff erence between female and male’s roles. Consequently, Kingston reveals various forms of ideologies in these two stories that he wrote; blame, oppression, and humiliation. The ideologies are intertwined to demonstrate the society’s perception of gender roles and its implication on mask superstructure. Kingston demonstrates blame ideology through the revelation of aunt’s act of committing adultery. The blame is leveled on the woman’s shoulder while the man is unaccountable of the situation. Although the aunt is stuck in an unsuitable predicament, it is clear that ignorance persist in the society as they are blinded by gender roles’ ideology. Adultery can only be committed by two people of different sex. In this scenario, Kingston reveals that the men out-live their roles in the society, and they are taken to be in the higher social order than that of women (Massai 32). The ideology of humiliation is demonstrated in No Name Woman when the mother of Ki ngston narrates the story of her aunt. This was aimed at forewarning Kingston against humiliating the family and the clan. Mother tells her story as she feels it is essential to warn her in the early stages of life, that is, before commencing her periods. However, Kingston understanding is quite different from that of her mother. The story reveals the discriminatory acts that exist in the society when one is confined in the cocoon of the society’s culture. It shows that men will always be dominant in the society if they are not punished equally from the acts they commit. Women are not supposed to be punished excessively and men are treated as royals despite committing the same felony. The ideology outlines that men are not supposed to be humiliated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society provides that women are the only ones who can be humilia ted from the unacceptable deeds. Ideologies of oppression do exist, as the women cannot air their grievances publicly. This is demonstrated by the community’s council of elders where only men are entitled to be the leaders of the community while the women should stay at home (Clinton et al. 254). Kingston’s memoir focused on gender roles’ ideology. It shows how men are dominant figure in the society. She also reveals her experience on the society’s superstructure that discriminates women. Indeed, women have tried to achieve a high social order like their male counterparts, but they are hindered by these ideologies. The use of storytelling aimed at demarcating oppression, discrimination, and humiliation that women face in the society. Her writings provided a challenge to the society on the role of women and men. Kingston’s chronicle is not an ideology reflection, but it is aimed at enabling the literature work to distance itself from ideological mis conceptions. In conclusion, ideology has been the dominant factor in the traditional and current society. Individuals seem to embed on ideological perception when defining gender-based roles. Human being should not be immune to crime in the society. Men should not be treated fairly when both women and men are found guilty of the same crime. As such, by means of storytelling and writing, Kingston and Shakespeare were able to reveal gender ideologies, and the way men benefit from this misconception. The society needs to understand that ideologies discriminate individuals in the society. Literature work should not instigate gender roles’ ideologies, but it should demarcate its existence. Women’s roles should be distinct and where a crime is committed, like in the case of her aunt, both the genders should be treated equally. Works Cited Clinton, Jerome, Irele Abiola James Heather. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2009. Print. Kingston, Maxine. The Woman Warrior: memoirs of girlhood among ghosts. London, Vintage Books, 1989. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Massai, Sonia. World-wide Shakespeare’s: local appropriations in film and performance. London: Taylor Francis, 2005. Print. This essay on Ideology of Gender Roles was written and submitted by user Quinn Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rubidium Facts - Rb or Element 37

Rubidium Facts - Rb or Element 37 Rubidium is a silver-colored alkali metal with a melting point slightly higher than body temperature. The element is atomic number 37 with element symbol Rb. Here is a collection of rubidium element facts. Fast Facts: Rubidium Element Name: RubidiumElement Symbol: RbAtomic Number: 37Appearance: Grey metalGroup: Group 1 (Alkali Metal)Period: Period 5Discovery: Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (1861)Fun Fact: The half life of the radioactive isotope Rb-87 is 49 billion years or more than three times the age of the universe. Rubidium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 37 Symbol: Rb Atomic Weight: 85.4678 Discovery: R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff 1861 (Germany), discovered rubidium in the mineral petalite via its dark red spectral lines. Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s1 Word Origin: Latin: rubidus: deepest red. Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of rubidium. Natural rubidium consists of two isotopes, rubidium-85 (stable with 72.15% abundance) and rubidium-87 (27.85% abundance, a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years). Thus, natural rubidium is radioactive, with sufficient activity to expose photographic film within 110 days. Properties: Rubidium may be liquid at room temperature. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. Thus, rubidium must be stored under dry mineral oil, in a vacuum, or in an inert atmosphere. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group. Rubidium forms amalgams with mercury and alloys with gold, sodium, potassium, and cesium. Rubidium glows red-violet in a flame test. Element Classification: Alkali Metal Biological Effects: Rubidium carries a 1 oxidation state, like sodium and potassium, and displays biological activity similar to that of potassium ions. Rubidium concentrates inside cells within the intracellular fluid. The biological half-life of rubidium ions in humans is 31 to 46 days. Rubidium ions are not particularly toxic, but rats die when over half the potassium in heart muscle is replaced by rubidium. Rubidium chloride has been tested as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Researchers found dialysis patients suffering from depression tended to experience depleted rubidium levels. The element is not considered to be essential for human nutrition, although it is present in small quantities in nearly all human and animal tissues. Rubidium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.532Melting Point (K): 312.2Boiling Point (K): 961Appearance: soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metalAtomic Radius (pm): 248Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 55.9Covalent Radius (pm): 216Ionic Radius: 147 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.360Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 2.20Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 75.8Pauling Negativity Number: 0.82First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 402.8Oxidation States: 1Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.590CAS Registry Number: 7440-17-7 Rubidium Trivia Rubidium melts just a little above body temperature.Rubidium was discovered using spectroscopy. When Bunsen and Kirchoff examined their sample of petalite, they found two red spectral lines deep into the red part of the spectrum. They named their new element rubidium after the Latin word rubidus meaning deepest red.Rubidium is the second most electropositive element.Rubidium can be used to give fireworks a red-violet color.Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earths crust.Rubidium chloride is used in biochemistry as a biomarker to track where potassium is taken up by living organisms.The hyper-fine electron structure of Rubidium-87 is used in some atomic clocks to maintain accuracy.The isotope Ru-87 was used by Eric Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wiemen to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. This earned them the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Sources Campbell, N. R.; Wood, A. (1908). The Radioactivity of Rubidium. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 14: 15.Fieve, Ronald R.; Meltzer, Herbert L.; Taylor, Reginald M. (1971). Rubidium chloride ingestion by volunteer subjects: Initial experience. Psychopharmacologia. 20 (4): 307–14. doi:10.1007/BF00403562Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1439855110.Meites, Louis (1963).  Handbook of Analytical Chemistry  (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

SAM 340 UNIT 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SAM 340 UNIT 9 - Essay Example Socially, karate provides an opportunity for participant to build good relationships through friendship. It also helps an individual to develop excellent team-building, leadership and social skills (Samurai Karate, p. 1). I have learnt and therefore mastered Karate over the years. As a sport manager in the community’s progressive organization, I would like to take advantage of the upcoming sporting event to popularize Karate programs in my community. The theme for the campaign will be â€Å"Karate for a healthy community. This means that my approach will be inclined towards creating awareness about Karate on the basis of its health benefits (eHow Contributor, p. 1). My personal opinion is that as long as members of the community join the Karate program for health reasons they are definitely bound to enjoy all the other associated benefits. My first step will be to organize for production of T-shirts that might be donated or awarded to contestants of the day. The T-shirts will have the Karate campaign’s theme and the organizations logo clearly printed on it. This will serve to send a clear message with regard to the relevance of Karate during the event. I assume that the progressive community organization has a website such that more information about the Karate program will be posted. I will also mention freebies that will be offered to interested members of the community courtesy of the Karate program. This will be in the form of free classes for those who will sign up for the program. This will be intended to encourage as many members of the community as possible to enroll as many people are not usually as interested to pay for a new venture when they have other things to do. I will also organize a demonstration of a number of Karate skills to show how exciting the program will be. The demonstration will be showcased by experienced martial artists in the area of Karate. The performances will involve a single

The Treatment of Investments in Intellectual Property at Apple Research Paper

The Treatment of Investments in Intellectual Property at Apple - Research Paper Example While these attributes have become the focus of regulation of SFAS 2 and subsequent standards SFAS 68 and 86, the objective determination thereof remains elusive and indeterminate, and therefore open to managerial discretion. The study also comments on the differences in accounting treatment among standards, such as between the SFAS and the IAS, concerning R&D expenditures. In the past it has been found that regulations allows for large write-offs of acquired R&D in favor of the acquirer, which have been tightened by recently developed standards embodied in SFAS 141 and 142. From published reports, Apple appears substantially and formally compliant with these regulations; however, greater detail and information on specific projects unavailable in the published reports would be required by a sitting and competent body to assess whether these treatments are fully compliant with the letter and spirit of SFAS. ... How close to actuality a firm assesses the value of its assets depends upon how faithfully the accounting treatment mirrors the nature of the asset. Tangible assets are easily valued; intangible ones are more ambiguous. Of all intangible assets a technology corporation, the most important – and most difficult to assess – is its intellectual property, and the research and development effort that goes into building it. Research efforts, when successful, lay the foundation for the company’s incomes for the long-term, and therefore should be capitalized; however, since a good amount of R&D efforts are not successful, there is also a possibility that these costs would have short-term implications that does not justify depreciation into the future. This research paper will search for answers to the question: How does a high-technology company with its own proprietary research and development treat its R&D expenditures treat its research and development costs in its fin ancial reports, given that research and development efforts may or may not result in marketable products? The study shall focus on the procedure applied in Apple, Inc., the company of choice because of their high-profile, highly successful new technologies in personal communication devices, for both hardware and software. U.S. GAAP for Research and Development Expenditures The U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is the body of accounting rules and standards according to which financial statements for companies in the U.S. are prepared, particularly publicly traded and held companies and non-profit organizations. The U.S. GAAP is embodied in the

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas - Essay Example There will be clear comprehension as to what drives these groups, and since both of them are Middle Eastern in origin the research will point out that religion and culture are the two main ideologies that drive them to terrorist activities. The conclusion shows that since these people that partake in terrorist activities within these groups have adapted to this way of life there is no real way to change their mind sets and therefore it is an adverse sociological issue that will continue for years to come. Hamas and Al Qaeda view the justification for terrorism as stemming from their origin and the use of Jihad and conflict to resolve disputes. Nevertheless, other countries view the idea of conflict as being something irresolvable, despite how complex or trivial it might be if terrorist activities are the strategies being utilized to minimize it (Farah 2003). Nevertheless, in much of the Middle Eastern land it is moral in Islamic religion to use the strategy of suicide bombing or mass killing of people to gain control and understanding of other people. As for non Muslims, there is no motive for terrorism that is justified. Problems can be resolved between people or nations through negotiation. In the process of negotiation, no party should aim to be a winner; otherwise, the aim of the negotiation will be defeated. There is no motive or morality in terrorizing people for whatever reason, in the minds of non Muslims, in order to simply gain their approval. However, this is where Hamas and Al Qaeda groups differ from other groups in the Middle East. A good example of what instigates violence and terrorist activity in these groups' minds is with issues such as the widely reported Danish cartoon of the Prophet Mohammed, which caused immense damage to people and properties around the world as the Muslims used the opportunity to attack non Muslim interest throughout the globe following this occurrence. Obviously they took it to the extreme left wing as even with, the burning of churches and killing of innocent people, it did not make things right. Therefore, despite the outcome that presents itself, many Muslims see the act of terrorism as a fight for a just cause in defense of their religion and Prophet Mohammed. This is the main ideology that drives both of these terrorist groups. The terrorism that is taking place between Israel and Palestine (Hamas Group) is in much part due to the terrorist government group that is utilizing suicide bombers even during negotiations of peace (Melgreen 2006). Israel is willing to embrace peace and ready to negotiate to reach peaceful agreement. This is reflected in the statement by Farah (2003), "This country is in a fight for its life against the forces of darkness in this world. We can prevail only with consistency, fortitude and by doing what is right." Israel and Palestine can only reach an agreement through peaceful means. The use of suicide bombers in the negotiation process will only prolong the peace process because Israel will not want to concede to terrorist regime and Israel would want to protect its own people against terrorism. The new regime in the

Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product

Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product Compare and Contrast Two Indices Used To Measure Development. Which Of The Two Do You Find Most Convincing And Why? You Must Support Your Answer With References To Examples. This essay shall compare the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product. The fundamental reason for this choice is that they are the most commonly used measurements in the literature of development today (Kubiszewski et al, 2013). These two indices also highlight the fact that measuring development is a complex subject as development itself is a multidimensional concept (Kothari Minogue, 2001). The two indices bring to fore the question of who exactly is doing the measurement and for what purposes. As tools they make the complexity that is part of measuring development easier to understand (Greig, Hulme Turner, 2007) and they also highlight the power dynamics inherent in the sphere of development (Kothari Minogue, 2001). Introduction: Development is intrinsically linked to poverty and as such the policies and programmes created to tackle poverty are a huge part of the development project (Greig, Hulme Turner, 2007: Allen Thomas, 2000). Measuring the levels of poverty and human development is therefore a prerequisite of creating effective policies and programs to tackle developmental challenges (Stiglitz, et al, 2009). There are various indices used to measure development for example the ISEW-Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare, GPI-Genuine Progress Indicator, Gross National Happiness just to mention a few. The variety of measurement indices draw attention to the divergent views surrounding what is considered important the when it comes to measuring development. The complexity of measuring and defining development for example is seen in the challenging of assumptions that view development as a strictly linear economic progression of a country (Haynes, 2008). However the question then arises whether there is a clearly defined spectrum of ‘developed’ countries at one end and ‘underdeveloped’ countries at another (Haynes, 2008). What about the economic and development heterogeneity within the developing countries? (Ibid). One can hardly conclude that all developing countries are following a trajectory from ‘underdeveloped’ to ‘developed’ as one has to take into consideration the countries who are part of what Collier (2008) calls the â€Å"Bottom Billion†. These countries according to Collier (2008) are caught up in the poverty traps that prevent or frustrate development. According to Collier the four main poverty traps affecting the ‘bottom billon’ are conflict, the natura l resource curse, landlocked countries surrounded by ‘bad’ neighbours who have poor infrastructure and finally bad governance (Collier, 2008, p 5). For example one cannot presume that Uganda which is a landlocked country that has substantial natural resources that include sizeable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt, fertile land and regular rainfall would follow Switzerland’s trajectory. Landlocked Switzerland trades through highly developed and stable Germany and Italy whereas Uganda shares borders with South Sudan, Rwanda and Kenya. Two of Uganda’s neighbours that is South Sudan and Rwanda that have witnessed drawn out and intense conflict that spilled over into Uganda at one point or another and Kenya whose poor infrastructure, high cost of transporting goods through regional boarders as well as corruption at the coastal ports frustrates Uganda’s progress at accessing the global markets (Yusuf, 2013: Ruhanga Mayindo, 2010). The term development is therefore multifaceted and many depending on their theoretical perspective, view the term differently (Allen Thomas, 2000). Its theoretical as well as practical historical progression has been riddled with inconsistencies (Haynes, 2008). For example even though data shows that development has occurred in terms of absolute growth there is the unparalleled widening gap between the rich and the poor countries as pointed out by Sachs (2005) (cited in Greig, Hulme Turner, 2007 p.5). The disparities between the people within countries has also widened increasing the levels of inequality globally (Kothar Minogue, 2001). Amartya Sen defines development as ‘the expansion of the capabilities of people to lead the kind of lives they value †¦and have reason to value’ (Sen, 1999, p.18). This expands the concept of development to include the wellbeing of the society. In this essay the term development will be taken to mean the continuous improvement in the sphere of one’s personal life, socio-economic relationships, culture and general wellbeing. (Allen Thomas, 2000). Development according to this definition is therefore a process. A process that ideally adopts to the context whilst maintaining its focus on improving the overall wellbeing of a society. Comparison of the HDI and the GDP: The HDI: The Human Development Index (HDI) that was introduced by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1990 has become the main alternative to the economically focused Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which has been used as the main measure of development worldwide (Sagar Najam, 1998). As an alternative form of measurement, it reflected the new approaches to development incorporating Economist Amartya Sens capabilities approach (Bilabao-Ubillos, 2011). The HDI has three main dimensions. These are health, education and Income. The variables included in these dimensions are life expectancy, child mortality, school enrolment, literacy and Income per capita. By including these dimensions the HDI highlighted the multidimensionality of human development as well as puts more focus on the individual as opposed to economic growth in assets and income (Greig, Hulme Turner, 2007). The ease of access to these dimensions within a country increases individuals’ functions and abilities that in turn positively contribute to the general wellbeing of society. For example access to health care improves life expectancy as well as individual agency by increasing their economic output if opportunities to do so are available (Bilabao-Ubillos, 2011). The HDI apart from pointing out that the real wealth of a society are its people also renewed the debate on the measurement of development (Sagar Najam, 1998). It brought together various theoretical concepts of development into a unified theme making it easier for countries and governments to focus their policies on improvement (Greig, Hulme Turner, 2007). This measurement also brought to fore the importance of people participation as well as gender issues in development (Sagar Najam, 1998). With the introduction of the HDI, it has then been easier to incorporate broad and important notions of sustainability into development measures (Ibid). However despite these positives the HDI has come under three main criticisms as pointed out by (Bilbao-Ubillos, 2011, p. 403). These are criticisms of the conceptual definitions of development, of the specific equations that generate the HDI and of the data quality used in its calculations. As the various criticisms are wide ranging, this essay will only focus on a few. To begin with the HDI fails to take into account the level of inequality and income inequity within a country. Distributional inequalities which may be caused by discrimination are significant for wellbeing and human development but are not captured within this measurement and therefore do not reflect the degree of economic and social cohesion within a country (Bilbao-Ubillos, 2011,). Another criticism is that the HDI fails to reflect the issues in countries where economic growth does not translate into human development. In other words there is no mechanism to measure governments’ public sector policies that focus on the idea of human development. For example in 2004 Angola allocated 1.5% of its GDP to health and 2.6% to education whereas Malawi allocated 9.6% and 5.5% respectively (Ibid). Sagar Najam, (1998) point out that there is a design flaw in the HDI as trade-offs between various dimensions are masked. The method of folding the three indices into a single one counters the notion that they have equal weight and therefore a deficiency in one dimension can be made up in the addition of another. Logically ‘good performance’ based on the HDI should require ‘good performance’ in all dimensions simultaneously. Another flaw in the HDI is that it does not reflect the reality on the ground. For example according to the Human Development Report in 1997, Switzerland HDI was 0.99 while Mexico was 0.96 on the standard of living index yet the GNP of Switzerland was at $37930 and Mexico $4180. Even if one features in the terms of purchasing power parity these two countries do not have a similar standard of living which was the claim of UNDP report (Ibid). Finally but not least the HDI does not capture the environmental dimensions of development which are very important in the concept of wellbeing (Bilbao-Ubillos, 2011) The GDP. â€Å"The GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given geographical entity within a given period of time† (Schepelmann et al, 2010, p 14). The GDP is the convergence of the demand, production and income of a country’s economy (Ibid). Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most widely used measure of economic activity. Much thought has gone into its statistical and conceptual bases thus making it a user friendly tool that utilises available data to measure market production (Schepelmann et al, 2010, p 14). Over time however, it has been seen as a measure of economic well-being but this is misleading as important variables that constitute overall wellbeing of a society are absent (Stiglitz et al, 2009). The GDP focuses solely on money to measure the economic and living standards of a country as it is a crucial tool within any society. Money is easy to add up, helps in the understanding of markets, but it is not the sole driver of development (Stiglitz et al, 2009). On the negative side, the GDP makes no distinction between the positive and the negative factors that contribute to social progress. For example an oil spill increases the GDP of a country due to clean-up costs totally ignoring the detrimental effect on the environment as well as wellbeing of the society. It therefore does not distinguish between sustainable and unstainable practices (Kubiszewski et al, 2013). Crime and break down of society are also viewed as positives since more monetary transactions in the form of input to counter these vices increase (Schepelmann et al, 2010). The GDP also ignores the informal economy, household and volunteer work, leisure as well as the outputs of government services that are important to the accessing of opportunities that improve individual freedoms (Stiglitz, et al, 2009). Human capital investments like education and health care are treated as consumption and the GDP views technology as an end product discounting the benefits of innovation and efficiency that technology contribute to the wellbeing of a society. Conclusion: Even though the definition of ‘development’ varies and the tools used to measure development have faced criticism for various reasons, this does not negate the fact that measuring development is extremely important for the formulation of policies and strategies to deal with the challenges faced by individual countries that want to improve their citizens overall standard of living. By proposing that human development is more than just a sum total of monetary funds, the UNDP moved the focus away from a unilinear view of progress to encompass the multidimensional truth of what development actually is. The HDI has made it easier for governments especially in the developing world to focus their policies on tackling the root causes of poverty as opposed to dealing with the symptoms. As the rankings come out every year the underperforming countries that want to improve their rankings are then forced to focus on what matters as well as invest in data collection. It should be pointed out that money will always be an important factor in development as the availability of monetary fund’s opens doors to more opportunities to improve one’s life choices and capabilities. The GDP will always be an important measurement tool in development and it should therefore not be summarily condemned just because it only measures one aspect of development. The alternative to improve on both indices is a continuous exercise in the development literature. The inclusion of income remittances from abroad in the GDP and renaming it the GNI is but one example of the flexibility of this tool. Rapley (2002:10 ) quoted in Greig, Hulme Turner(2007) says â€Å"as a rule there is a correlation between national income and a country’s ability to improve the social indicators of its citizenry†. The GDP and the HDI should therefore be viewed as complimentary tools in the area of measuring development. Bibliography: Allen, T. Thomas, A. (eds.)(2000). Poverty and Development into the 21st Century. Bilbao-Ubillos, J. (2011). The Limits of Human Development Index: The Complementary Role of Economic and Social Cohesion, Development Strategies and Sustainability. Sustainable Development. 21, 400-412. Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greig, A., Hulme, D. Turner, M. (2007). Challenging Global Inequality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Haynes, J. (2008). Development Studies. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kothari, U. Minogue, M. (eds). (2001). Development Theory and Practise: Critical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Kubiszewki, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth, J., Jackson, T. Aylmer, C. (2013). Beyond GDP: Measuring and Achieving Global Genuine Progress. Ecological Economics. 93, 57-68. Oxford: The Open University in association with Oxford University Press. Ruhanga, I.A. Mayindo, J. (2010). Ugandas Environment and Natural resources: Enhancing Parliaments Oversight. [Online]. Available From: http://www.grida.no/publications/uganda-handbook/. [Accessed on the 1 November 2014] Sagar, A.D. Najam, A. (1998). The Human Development Index: A Critical Review. Ecological Economics. 25, 249-264. Schepelmann, P., Goossens, Y. Mokipaa, A. (2010). Towards Sustainable Development. Alternatives to GDP for Measuring Progress. [Online]. Available from: http://wupperinst.org/en/publications/details/wi/a/s/ad/1113/ . [Accessed on the 1 November 2014] Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stiglitz, E.J., Sen, A. Fitoussi, J.P. (2009). Report by The Commission On The Measurement Of Economic Performance And Social Progress. [Online]. Available from: http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf [Accessed on the 1 November 2014] Yusuf, M. (2013). Tanzania Kenya Compete For Trade With Landlocked Neighbours.[Online]. Available From: http://www.voanews.com/content/tanzania-kenya-compete-for-trade-with-landlocked-neighbors/1698969.html . [Accessed 30 October 2014.] 1

Data Compression :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœData Compression’ just sounds complicated. Don’t be afraid, compression is our good friend for many reasons. It saves hard drive space. It makes data files to handle. It also cuts those immense file download times from the Internet. Wouldn’t it be nice if we could compress all files down to just a few bytes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a limit to how much you can compress a file. How random the file is, is the determining factor to how far it can be compressed. If the file is completely random and no pattern can be found, then the shortest representation of the file is the file it self. The actual proof that proves this is at the end of my paper. The key to compressing a file is to find some sort of exploitable pattern. Most of this paper will be explaining those patterns that are commonly used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Null suppression is the most primitive form of data compression that I could find. Basically, it says that if you have different fields that data is in (possibly a spread sheet), and any of them have only zeros in them, then the program just eliminates the data and goes straight from the empty data set to the next.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only one step up from null suppression is Run Length Encoding. Run length encoding simply tells you how many of what you have in a row. It would change a set of binary data like {0011100001} into what the computer reads as (2)zeros, (3)ones, (4)zeros, 1. As you can see, it works on the same basic idea of finding a series of 0’s (null suppression) and 1’s in this case too and abbreviating them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the whole idea of data compression caught on, more people started working on programs for it. From these people we got some new premises to work with. Substitutional encoding is a big one. It was invented jointly by two people: Abraham Lempel and Jakob Ziv. Most compression algorithms (big word meaning roughly ‘program’) using substitutional encoding start with ‘LZ’ for Lempel-Ziv.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LZ-77 is a really neat compression in which the program starts off just copying the source file over to the new target file, but when it recognizes a phrase of data that it has previously written, it replaces the second set of data in the target file with directions on how to get to the first occurrence of it and copy it in the directions’ place. This is more commonly called a sliding-window compression because the focus of the program is always sliding all around the file.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LZ-78 is the compression that most people have in their homes.

Mineral and Water Function Essay

Minerals have an important role in the health of the body. In order for the body to remain healthy, 20 minerals are needed. There are some minerals that have specific functions and other can have many different functions. Minerals can help structure the body and also help regulate the processes by the body which help to maintain itself. Calcium is responsible for many functions in the body. Calcium keeps the bones strong, helps regulate blood pressure, helps muscles contract, and transmits nerve signals from cell to cell.Minerals are consumes from many different places such as plants and animals. Minerals from both plants and animals can either provide an advantage or contaminate the body. It all depends on the conditions the plant or animal was raised in. Food lose their minerals during the processing period but they are enriched to help get back some of those lost minerals. By eating a variety of food being processed and unprocessed, a person can be reinsured of the proper mineral consumption.Minerals that come from animals have a better chance to be absorbed than those that are received in plants (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Water is a very important for the body to remain healthy. The cells of the body bathes in the water we have in our system. Water lubricates and cleanses our internal and external parts of the body. When our tear ducts release water, the water lubricates and washes or flushes out our eyes. Water helps proved chemical reactions that provide minerals and vitamins that the body intakes to dissolve. Water is a big help in the chemical reaction of metabolism.Body temperature is regulated with the help of water, and this is the reason why it is important to stay hydrated. Dehydration comes with several signs. Headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry eyes and mouth, and dark urine are the first symptoms of dehydration. If the body continues to not receive the amount of water it requires, it can become more serious and fatal. More serious signs of dehydration are nausea, difficulty concentrating, confusion, and disorientation. If dehydration is not treated can lead to death (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006).

The Coalescent Theory and Evolution

The Coalescent Theory and Evolution One part of the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory involves population biology and, on an even smaller level, population genetics. Since evolution is measured in units within populations and only populations can evolve and not individuals, then population biology and population genetics are intricate parts of the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. How the Coalescent Theory Affects the Theory of Evolution When Charles Darwin first published his ideas of evolution and natural selection, the field of Genetics had yet to be discovered. Since tracing alleles and genetics is a very important part of population biology and population genetics, Darwin did not fully cover those ideas in his books. Now, with more technology and knowledge under our belts, we can incorporate more population biology and population genetics into the Theory of Evolution. One way this is done is through the coalescence of alleles. Population biologists look at the gene pool and all available alleles within the population. They then try to trace the origin of these alleles back through time to see where they started. The alleles can be traced back through various lineages on a phylogenetic tree to see where they coalesce or come back together (an alternate way of looking at it is when the alleles branched off from one another). Traits always coalesce at a point called the most recent common ancestor. After the most recent common ancestor, the alleles separated and evolved into new traits and most likely the populations gave rise to new species. The Coalescent Theory, much like Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, has a few assumptions that eliminate changes in alleles through chance events. The Coalescent Theory assumes there is no random genetic flow or genetic drift of alleles into or out of the populations, natural selection is not working on the selected population over the given time period, and there is no recombination of alleles to form new or more complex alleles. If this holds true, then the most recent common ancestor can be found for two different lineages of similar species. If any of the above are in play, then there are several obstacles that have to be overcome before the most recent common ancestor can be pinpointed for those species. As technology and understanding of the Coalescent Theory become more readily available, the mathematical model that accompanies it has been tweaked. These changes to the mathematical model allow some of the previously inhibitive and complex issues with population biology and population genetics have been taken care of and all types of populations may then be used and examined using the theory.

Victims of war

Victims of war War has always been horrible. In WWII, civilians were targets as part of bombing campaigns. Now, not only were the soldiers experiencing the horror of war but the civilians too now involved. This continued throughout the various wars like the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War Of Terrorism and now the War In Iraq.However, I always stop to wonder, why were civilians and soldiers always suffering when the decision to go to war was not theirs. For example, in Vietnam, the US needlessly intervened in a country that was trying to gain independence. It was afraid of the communist in Vietnam and in a effort to stop it, millions of civilians and soldiers died just to get their independence which they eventually got in the end.In Iraq, it was known at first as a effort to disarm Iraq of "Weapons Of Mass Destruction", however. It later became "A Mission To Liberate The People Of Iraq".Carlos Cardoen meets with Iraqi Leader Saddam Huss...I do not agree that Saddam Hussein was a good leader, on the contrary, I hate Saddam. However what was George Bush really trying to do? Was this a plan of his to gain support from the US people so that he would be seen as a man trying to keep their nation safe?George Bush has always associated terrorist with Saddam Hussein even without credible proof. Most of the evidence he got before the war as we can see now have all been falsified. And now, he does not want to let the Iraq people choose their government but instead installs his own and even the leader who has caused grievous hurt to Iraq is not allowed to be trailed by the victims.What are wars really caused by? Who are the real people who are really guilty? At...

In the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the attachment - Essay Example Its presence provides sanctity to the Gudwara, which is the place of worship of Sikh followers (2). Sikhism believes in concepts such as the universal acceptance of all humanity, belief in one God, the name of God is Truth (Sat Num), the equality of all persons irrespective of their caste, color, gender, nationality, and religion, and equality in sexes is emphasized (2). In addition, the ten Gurus of the religion are considered one with the Divine being, wherein each had divine attributes (Singh Chanal 11). Moreover, the Sikh philosophy is grounded in the spirit of freedom, which influenced its notion of social justice and freedom. Sikhism cherishes freedom not only for themselves but for others as well (Singh 1). The understanding of this religious tradition provides a more logical approach in a religious belief, since the teachings of Sikhism emphasizes that the True God encompasses all the names that are attributed to it by other religions and that there is only one God worshipped by any other religion. Sikhism also values equality of every individual and its aim for freedom for everyone is also a very noble act. Religion in many centuries has always been an integral dimension in many armed conflicts, due to the inherent differences in the religious beliefs and practices of different religions. The diversity of these traditions had been a constant hurdle in undergoing conflict resolutions (Hapviken 352). Thus, religion can have both positive and negative impacts on the efforts of peacemaking. Multidimensional approach is also fundamental in order to address the conflicts between different beliefs and inter-religious dialogue is the key part of this (Brajovic 186). Religious traditions imply its negative potential on the aspect wherein a member of one religion has a tendency to uphold strong religious

DB 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DB 3 - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the power of virtual integration is the use of the internet or general technology to replace physical elements of a company with specific information. Ford Motor Company recorded 5.7 million motor sales worldwide last year, using a huge network of suppliers. As part of its objectives to create a competitive supply chain, the firm makes use of Six Sigma procedures through collaborating with Penske Logistics to improve and streamline supply chain activities. Before Ford sided with Penske Corp, its assembly plants in South America each took care of its logistics, an initiative that led to unexpected costs in transport and supplying materials as suppliers used to pick up light loads, carrying them from plant to plant. In an effort to solve this, the company established various Order Dispatch Centers (ODC) to merge shipments to plants (Chopra & Sodhi, 2012). Within a short time, it was noted that the majority of trucks have increased the capacity to 95% when distributing shipments to and from the ODC as well as a reduced plant inventory by 15%. New technology has been put in place to help in streamlining performance. Ford Motors has used Logistics Management System, order tracing software, and metric reporting system based on the internet to achieve this goal. This shows how technology can be used to enhance competitiveness as drivers in the company now carry an electronic log and PDA scanners to offer real-time updates and ensure that all carriers have satellite communications. Meanwhile, the supply chain is stabilized through scanners that are utilized in monitoring plants delivery (Austin, 1999). A vital facet of the strategies used in the supply chain is Ford’s emphasis on accountability at every level of supply. In order to reduce expenses and boost services, the company strengthened the car manufacturer’s bidding procedure for carriers, initiating higher specifications on technology, driver certification, safety, time

Warehousing and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Warehousing and Inventory Management - Essay Example In order to achieve these competencies we are discussing the various aspects of warehouse space utilization and layout plans. There are several plans of layout, which has been discussed, and each has its own advantages and drawbacks. If the warehouses are used efficiently and effectively, it improves the effectiveness of whole supply chain. As we know that we are moving through communication revolution, better use of information and communication technology improves the warehouse operations management. While discussing the case study of Seven-Eleven Japan we observed that how use of information and communication technologies have improved the warehousing operations of the organization as a whole and have the potential to proved benefit to the customers. Through use of information and communication technology, objectives of the warehouse manager to provide goods and services to its customers timely and efficiently will be fulfilled. We had also evaluated the traditional and modern inv entory management practices and found that modern practices like JIT have outnumbered the traditional inventory management systems like re-order or economic order quantity on various parameters. Storage is the 1. Warehouse space and layout: Storage is the physical hording of inventories awaiting transport to customers. The current emphasis is on the movement of inventories. According to Layson (2000), there are a number of important issues to be considered: Acknowledgement that reducing ware housing and storage costs is essential; Automated stores and computerized system make it possible to better manage these facilities; Trade-off between higher customer service levels, low inventory and low operating costs need to be balanced; Changes in business practices through the implementation of just-in-time (JIT) and Kanban concepts; Better logistics systems; Time-compression, reducing time consumed in business processes, Elimination of non-value-added time. In the process of warehouse layouts and space, organizations primarily focus on The space required and cost for each category of stock, Whether to centralize or decentralize the stores Physical characteristics of the stores at each location e.g. size, weight, shape, perishable, hazardous Flows of material and handling equipment required Goods received into store, quantities, volumes, frequencies, packing, delivery vehicles, handling requirements, documentation and inspection Foods outwards-quantities, volumes, frequencies packing, delivery vehicles, handling requirements, documenting & packaging; Inventory policies e.g. JIT buffer sticks, stock pilling Security, safety, administrative system, and personnel. To fulfill these above-mentioned conditions, warehouse space and layout planning must have following objectives in mind: Utilizing space efficiently within the building cube Create rapid and easy access to stock and stock movements Achieve efficient and balanced traffic flows Mechanized and automated stores operations

The Blind Side Essay Example for Free

The Blind Side Essay Belonging is a sense of enlightenment felt when an individual gains an understanding of themselves in relation to others and society. Once the characters belong to their family and to themselves, belonging to society and the rest of the world becomes easy. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Marlina Marchetta and the film â€Å"The Blind Side† directed by John Lee Hancock, both show how each character gains an understanding of themselves and their family therefore leading to them to belong to society. Throughout the novel, Josie’s perceptions of herself and Nonna’s relationship undergo a significant transformation. Initially, Josie does not feel she belongs to her Nonna because of the limitations she places on her. It is only at the end of the novel that Josie learns the true heart-ache and suffering her Nonna went through for her mother. Marchetta uses the intimate feel of a diary to relate to the story of the three women bound by strong ties of family. It shows how each of the women belongs to each other and it also shows the barriers to their relationships. Linear Structure gives the book a strong sense of continuity and ensures a steady pace of the story line. At the beginning of the novel Josie says â€Å"She drives me crazy. Sometimes I have to grit my teeth sometimes to control myself†, showing that she does not feel she belongs to her Nonna. Towards the end she states â€Å"I cried because I was loved by two of the strongest women I would ever meet in my lifetime†. The discovery that she does truly belong to her Nonna encourages Josie to be her own person and to live her life emancipated from any rigid stereotypes that are barriers to belonging. Once she belongs to her Nonna, she then realises she belongs to herself, making belonging to society easier. Cultural identity is a very strong factor in Josie’s life. At first it is a barrier to her belonging to society and she rails against it as being old-fashioned and sexist. She realises towards the end of the book that her culture has made her who she is and what she is capable of becoming. Throughout the novel her references to her culture are often sarcastic or mocking. Josie asserts light heartedly that without the Italian tendency for being chatty and loud â€Å"Telecom would go broke†. Marchetta uses humour to show how Josie speaks with the voice of today’s youth and she speaks of issues that are contemporary and with which readers can relate to. Initially, at school especially, she feels victimised by her race and doesn’t belong. She is bitter and resentful to those not like her and often resorts to physical abuse in response to ‘wog’ insults. â€Å"Simply because like religion, culture is nailed into you so deep you can’t escape it†. This conveys that even though sometimes Josie wishes she wasn’t Italian that makes her who she is. After she learns to accept that towards the end of the novel, she starts to belong to herself and to her culture and then making it easier to belong to her school. At first Josie does not feel as if she belongs to her family, however she comes to a realisation that her culture isn’t a barrier to her belonging; she can then belong to herself and to society. Just like Josie, Michael Oher realises that his race isn’t a barrier to belonging to his family, he belongs to himself and he becomes accepted in society.

The Godfather :: essays research papers

The Godfather Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Based on Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather was based in the late 1940's in New York City. The story is about the Corleone family, which is headed by Vito Corleone. He had four sons. The quick to act older son is Santino, also known as Sunny. The next son is Fredo and the youngest son is Mechael which was in the military at the start of the movie and later stepped up to be the head of the family business. Finally, there is the adopted son Tom who Sunny found in the streets of New York homeless. He took him in seeing how his life was so terrible and Sunny's life was so good. Vito also had a daughter, Connie who went through the pain of the family business and she was not even involved in it. The movie starts off at the wedding of Connie and her husband Carlo. Vito promises Carlo a good future, but will not ever let him be a part of the family business. After the wedding, Virgo Salatso, a herione dealer from Italy is looking for the Corleone family backing by money and protection from the law, as they have control over the local government. Vito wants no part of the heroine dealer and little does he know all of the other mob bosses are going along with Salatso. Vito had no idea his noncompliance with Salatso would start a war between the families of New York. This led to Virgo's men to shoot Vito but not killing him. This outgraged Michael and this led to the revenge of him shooting a police captain under Virgo and the shooting of Mr. Salatso. After this, the family sent Michael to Sicily to hide out. While Michael was in Sicily, he fell in love and got married to a woman named Apolonia but their love was short lived because a hit was put out on Michael. Apolonia was kill ed by the car bomb that was intended for Michael. Also, while Michael was in Sicily, the bosses put a hit on Sunny. The other bosses used Carlo, Connie's husband to set him up. Carlo beat yup Connie and Sunny and was sent to her aid. On the way he had to ggo through a tollbooth where he was met by heavy machine gun fire and was killed. After everything died down, Michael was summoned back to America.

The Women in Dracula Essay -- European Literature Bram Stoker Vampires

The Women of Dracula Throughout the book Dracula, the author, Bram Stoker, portrays many different aspects of women's roles in the 19th century. Since this novel was published many films have been created based on Stoker's story line. Nosferatu, a silent film, depicts the women of the story, other than Mina, as minimal characters. The movie Dracula, filmed in the 1930's, stays very true to the novel, with only minor changes to the characters and plot. All three of the works depict the same women differently, thus changing the complete literary artistic nature of each piece. Mina is the main female character in the novel Dracula. She is the typical Victorian woman--caring, compassionate and completely devoted toward their loved ones (To The Life of the Victorian Women). She is Jonathan Harker's fiancà ©e and later wife, and is faithful to him throughout the entire novel. When Jonathan first meets Dracula, he becomes very ill. Mina quickly runs to his aid. She becomes completely consumed in figuring out why her husband is so terribly sick. She is intensely devoted to him and does not give up until Jonathan is nursed back to good health. In the novel, after Dracula pursues and kills her best friend Lucy, she joins the team of men that are trying to put an end to him. Dracula starts pursuing Mina, and decides to make her his slave. When Dr. Seward saw Mina after her encounter with Dracula, he was very concerned, stating, "When Mrs. Harker came in to see me this afternoon she wasn't the same; it was like tea after the teapot had been watered" (Stoker 240). The search party decides to keep Mina out of the group, so Dracula cannot read her mind and figure out their plan. Mina, putting the search party before he... ... of women. However, in the silent film Nosferatu, the women have more miniscule roles. The movie Dracula shows most of the same aspects that Stoker uses in his novel portray the women characters. While all three of these texts have the same main characters, they show how even the smallest detail can change the entire perception of a character. Works Cited Dracula. Dir. Tod Browning. Perf. Bela Lugosi, David Manners, Helen Chandler, and Dwight Frye. 1931.Videocassette. MCA Home Video, 1984. Nosferatu. Dir F.W. Murnau. Perf. Max Schreck andAlexander Granach. 1922. Videocassette. Crown Movie Classics, n.d. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2003. "To The Life of the Victorian Woman." Life of Women. 10 Feb. 2006 http://www.victoriaspast.com/Lifeof VictorianWoman/LifeofVictorianWoman.html.

Local Ethnography On Women’s Pay Equity

In modern era of technological advances and scientific innovations business nevertheless remains the epicenter of global events. Therefore, labor market to great extent is associated with equal human rights and productive human relationships that form the basis for social justice. The latter, as viewed by the majority of sociologists, is an equal treatment of society members regardless of their social status, condition, race, gender, political preferences, religious beliefs, etc. Social justice is regarded as the medium for every individual to achieve goals and have identical opportunities in modern society characterized by various economic, cultural, social, and political inequalities. In Canada each federation is governed by federal employment laws, which prohibit discrimination based on gender and sex. Also, a number of provinces have introduced new laws on wage gap elimination among men and women. Top managers along with sociologists were supposed to conduct surveys in their working atmosphere on the topic of women’s pay equity comparing fair treatment and compensation for work among occupations dominated by men and women. Results showed that women involved in both full and part-time jobs received less money than men. In fact, in late 1990s female workers earned 75% of the amount of money their male colleagues had regardless of the fact that according to the research their abilities to successfully negotiate with clients and work hard on the given tasks were several stages higher than those men were characterized by. Basically, it would be fair to claim that there exist several challenges modern social justice in Canada may experience throughout its attempts to achieve equal treatment among women and men in terms of financial and compensative situation: First of all, there is a strong tendency in the Canadian society to resolve the issue of wage gap and sex discrimination among men and women without resorting to legal assistance. Typically, these situations do not receive publicity and remain unknown being tackled on individual level. Most often, becoming a victim of underpayment or pay inequity women tend to seek other ways of additional income without leaving their previous jobs. This results in the situation when officially women are satisfied with their condition. Secondly, pay inequity has much in common with timetable as according to the recent research middle-aged women earn much less money than those in their twenties or thirties or than men of any age. Also, ethnicity and race play an extremely important part in the issue. â€Å"Visible minority women have the lowest income and highest unemployment rates of all groups.   In 1995, the average income of visible minority women was $16,600, compared to $17,100 for other women in Canada, and $23,600 for visible minority men† (Recommendations to the Pay Equity Task Force). The concentration of women in certain â€Å"underestimated† spheres is traditional and pronounced to high degree. For instance, the service industries include such jobs of no prestige and low income as waitress, cleaner, nurse, etc. According to the survey conducted in 2005, about 65% of working women are involved in service industry and have a part-time job due to numerous overwhelming home duties. Working several hours per day on regular basis greatly contributes to the issue of wage gap as such women are perceived as unqualified workers and add to the problem of poverty. Also, they tend to have low level of livelihood, which may cause poor living conditions resulting in high expenses on health care, etc. With these preliminary considerations in mind, it would be fair to claim that the issue of pay inequity reflects the adverse status of women in Canada. It denotes that despite numerous social changes implemented by work groups and both governmental and non-governmental organizations, the notions of self-employment and flexible working hours among women still remain of current importance. â€Å"In 2001,over three-quarters of a million women reported being self-employed, representing 11 percent of those with jobs. Over the past decade, 39.6 percent of new jobs in Canada were linked to self-employment, and 44 percent of those who are self-employed earn less than $20,000 a year†. (Recommendations to the Pay Equity Task Force). According to the Canadian Human Rights Act it is unlawful to evaluate the same task accomplished by men and women differently and pay unequal amount of money in the same organization.   The Act comprises all categories of state employees and necessary conditions for the implementation of the law. However, many find fault in the section that deals with the wage gap issue, as it is not catered to the needs of women. Forming the main risk group and therefore most often applying to higher echelon with complaints that require numerous formal rules and signatures, women tend to refuse from the idea of publicity especially taking into account the fact that the application requires certain expenditures and does not always guarantee the petitioner’s satisfaction. In order to support women and resolve the issue of unemployment, wage gap, and poverty among them there is a need in creating an efficient action plant that will meet the criteria of governmental establishments in terms of legal policy and comply with the demands of women in the community. The following are the decisions to be made:  §Ã‚   To gather all necessary available data on the problem of women’s pay equity. This will help the participants of the program to realize the scale of the issue and properly organize preventive measures. After the materials are received and processed, it is important to spread the information in the test field and among those who are relatively or not at all familiar with the problem. This may be implemented through mass media, public gatherings, etc. Identifying the problem helps in its faster and effective solving.  §Ã‚   To organize clubs and societies where unpaid or low-paid women will have an opportunity to talk about their previous or current experience, share their own ideas on how to reduce the number of those suffering from social inequity. It would be a significant contribution to the implementation of the project as the victims are the best source of thoughts and ideas on how to help people to solve the problem.  §Ã‚   To enlist governmental, non-governmental, and public organizations in the program including their financial support as project sponsors. To encourage them to tighten already existing rules of their companies in terms of wage gap and money distribution.  §Ã‚   To encourage women to start their own business and actively participate in public life  §Ã‚   To support women in new beginnings and promote their further professional education and training  §Ã‚   To collaborate with various associations and groups such as the Canadian Federation of Business and Professional Women Clubs  §Ã‚   To issue newspapers or journals on the topic  §Ã‚   To create favorable working atmosphere for women (especially of foreign origin).  §Ã‚   To promote global interaction among the members of the high-risk group portraying adverse conditions and consequences of inability to speak up and be assertive.  §Ã‚   To promote equal payment for jobs of identical value  §Ã‚   To uphold safe working environment with all necessary skills such as computer literacy, etc.  §Ã‚   To eliminate violence against women and avoid excessive number of men in the staff. In conclusion, it would be appropriate to note that the main objective of the action plan and other projects connected with the indicated above problem is to destroy the traditionally established stereotype denoting that women are supposed to be involved in low-income sector. â€Å"Policies such as paid parental leave, equal employment opportunities and the promotion of fair bargaining can improve women's ability to participate fully in the labor market† (Pay Equity). In order for us to succeed it is necessary to create a positive image of independent and smart woman who in fact always remains such and demonstrate her ability to cope with tasks that traditionally are only given to men.         

Free Essays on Alan Paton

Alan Paton teacher, author, and politician was one of South Africa's most remarkable people. Repelled by the racism he saw all around him in his homeland, he wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, the book that had the most profound effect in the worldwide struggle against apartheid. It is in this book, that he portrayed his life through so many characters and scenes to give the best explanation possible for his fight for justice and equality. This book remains one of South Africa’s greatest novels. It is a true-life portrait of its author, Alan Paton. Alan Paton was born in 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, Natal. He was the oldest of four children and the son of Eunice and James Paton. He was taught to read and write before he started school and as a result he was rapidly advanced all throughout his school years. At the age of fifteen he was starting his college education for a science degree in teaching. After receiving his degree, he was sent to a small farming town of Ixopo, as a housemaster at the high school there. Ixopo would later become increasing familiar in his book, Cry, the Beloved Country. While in Ixopo, Paton took long walks in the hills, which he described in his book. There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond and singing of it. The road climbs seven miles into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the titihoya, one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of the umzimkulu, on its journey form the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and East Griqualand (Paton 33). This would become the famous start to the first two parts of the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country... Free Essays on Alan Paton Free Essays on Alan Paton Alan Paton teacher, author, and politician was one of South Africa's most remarkable people. Repelled by the racism he saw all around him in his homeland, he wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, the book that had the most profound effect in the worldwide struggle against apartheid. It is in this book, that he portrayed his life through so many characters and scenes to give the best explanation possible for his fight for justice and equality. This book remains one of South Africa’s greatest novels. It is a true-life portrait of its author, Alan Paton. Alan Paton was born in 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, Natal. He was the oldest of four children and the son of Eunice and James Paton. He was taught to read and write before he started school and as a result he was rapidly advanced all throughout his school years. At the age of fifteen he was starting his college education for a science degree in teaching. After receiving his degree, he was sent to a small farming town of Ixopo, as a housemaster at the high school there. Ixopo would later become increasing familiar in his book, Cry, the Beloved Country. While in Ixopo, Paton took long walks in the hills, which he described in his book. There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond and singing of it. The road climbs seven miles into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the titihoya, one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of the umzimkulu, on its journey form the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and East Griqualand (Paton 33). This would become the famous start to the first two parts of the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country...

Definitions and Examples of Anthypophora in Rhetoric

Definitions and Examples of Anthypophora in Rhetoric Definition Anthypophora is a  rhetorical term for the practice of asking oneself a question and then immediately answering it. Also called (or at least closely related to) the  figure of response (Puttenham) and  hypophora. The relationship between anthypophora and hypophora is confusing, says Gregory Howard. Hypophora is seen as the statement or question. Anthypophora as the immediate reply (Dictionary Of Rhetorical Terms, 2010). In Dictionary of Poetic Terms (2003), Jack Myers and Don Charles Wukasch define anthypophora as a figure of argumentation in which the speaker acts as his own foil by arguing with himself. In Garners Modern American Usage (2009), Bryan A. Garner defines anthypophora as a rhetorical tactic of refuting an objection with a contrary inference or allegation. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: ErotesisFigurative LanguageRhetoricRhetorical QuestionTwelve Types of Questions in Casablanca EtymologyFrom the Greek, against allegation Examples and Observations What makes a king out of a slave? Courage! What makes the flag on the mast to wave? Courage! What makes the elephant charge his tusk in the misty mist, or the dusky dusk? What makes the muskrat guard his musk? Courage!(The Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)Is our species crazy?Plenty of evidence.(Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammlers Planet. Viking Press, 1970)In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock.(Orson Welles as Harry Lime in The Third Man, 1949) Sir Winston Churchills Use of AnthypophoraYou ask, what is our policy? I will say it is to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalog of human crime. That is our policy.You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror; victory, however long and hard the r oad may be, for without victory, there is no survival.(Winston Churchill, address to Parliament, May 13, 1940) President Barack Obamas Use of AnthypophoraThis is our first task, caring for our children. It’s our first job. If we don’t get that right, we don’t get anything right. That’s how, as a society, we will be judged.And by that measure, can we truly say, as a nation, that we’re meeting our obligations?Can we honestly say that we’re doing enough to keep our children, all of them, safe from harm?Can we claim, as a nation, that we’re all together there, letting them know they are loved and teaching them to love in return?Can we say that we’re truly doing enough to give all the children of this country the chance they deserve to live out their lives in happiness and with purpose?I’ve been reflecting on this the last few days, and if we’re honest with ourselves, the answer’s no. We’re not doing enough. And we will have to change.(U.S. President Barack Obama, speech at a memorial service in Newtown, Connectic ut, on December 16, 2012, two days after the massacre of 26 children and adults in an elementary school) Governor Andrew Cuomos Use of AnthypophoraDuring his two years in office, [New York Governor Andrew] Cuomo has developed a habit of answering reporters queries by asking his own questions. He sometimes engages in a lengthy back-and-forth, asking four or five questions and replying in a single response.For instance, at a news conference in October, Mr. Cuomo was asked about the plight of financially strapped upstate cities. The Democratic governor reframed the question to show how he had set a budgetary example that others could follow.The days of wine and roses are over? No, Mr. Cuomo said about upstate cities before a segue into his own accomplishments. Can you close a $10 billion deficit? Yes. Does the place operate? I think better than before. Did the walls crumble? No. Was it hard? Yes. Was it unsettling? Yes. But did we do it? Yes. I think you can bring costs in line with revenue.It was an expansive example of Mr. Cuomos frequent Socratic soliloquies, which he has employed to m ake points on issues ranging from overhauling Medicaid to changing how teacher performance is judged to passing new gun-control laws. Sometimes they take the form of question-and-answer sessions, while other times Mr. Cuomo holds a mock debate, taking both sides of an issue.It is a classic rhetorical tactic known as anthypophora, a device found in Shakespeare, the Bible and the speeches of former presidents, linguistic scholars say. . . .Philip Dalton, an assistant political communications professor at Hofstra University, called Mr. Cuomos approach smart rhetorically. Sometimes questions are posed to you with built-in assumptions that you dont want to affirm by answering them, Prof. Dalton said. You can bypass the whole question by asking the question yourself, and it allows you to frame the answer in way thats advantageous to yourself.(Laura Nahmias, Got Questions for Cuomo? So Does He. The Wall Street Journal, February 18, 2013) Falstaffs Use of AnthypophoraWhat is honor? A word. What is in that word honor? What is that honor? Air. A trim reckoning! Who hath it? He that died o’ Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. ‘Tis insensible, then? Yea, to the dead. But will it not live with the living? No. Why? Detraction will not suffer it. Therefore, I’ll none of it. Honor is a mere scutcheon. And so ends my catechism.(Falstaff in Act V, scene 1 of Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare) Guillaume Budà © in Defense of AnthypophoraAnother most unfair attack I had almost forgotten to mention: in quoting the words of my letter, you make out that I put you say in the present tense instead of you will say, as though I had actually invented words from some earlier letter of yours. This is what you complain of, although in fact I was using the figure anthypophora, maintaining not that you did but that you might have said so; for everywhere in my draft it has the future tense you will s ay. So you have begun to attack me not merely with rhetorical subtleties, as your custom was, but with fabrications.(Letter from Guillaume Budà © to Desiderius Erasmus, 1519. Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 842-992, 1518-1519. University of Toronto Press, 1982) The Lighter Side of AnthypophoraDo I get annoyed when people ask themselves their own questions and answer them (rendering the interviewer irrelevant)? Yes I do. Should we allow this virus in the paper? No we shouldnt.(Kevin Mitchell, quoted by David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon in Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010) Pronunciation: ant-hi-POF-era or an-thi-PO-for-a